Textile Blog

Physical structure Every cotton fibre consist of different Layers, Cuticle, Primary wall, Secondary wall and Lumen.Describe every layers are given below- Cuticle: The cuticle is the skin of cotton or out side of layer in cotton fiber. It is contains some cellulose but accompanied by fat and waxes. The waxy component of the cuticle enables it to adhere tenaciously to the primary wall of the fiber. Primary wall: The primary cell wall composed of criss-cross fibrils of cellulose and containing some pectins . It is the beneath of the cuticle. The cellulose in Primary cell walls has lower molecular weight with the DP between 2000-6000. Secondary wall: It is consist of the bulk of the cellulosic   component , which lies between the primary wall ans the lumen of the fiber. The secondary wall of a matured fiber is nearly 100% cellulose.The molecular weight distribution is uniform  and DP is about 1400 .It is composed two layers. It is thickness about 100 nm . The fibrils of the seconda

Chemical properties of cotton:                                 I       Effect of Acid:  .            Cotton fibers are not affected by cold week acids. Cotton fiber are fully dissolved in high concentration mineral acid.                               II.             Effect of Alkalis: The  fiber is affected by hot alkali particularly in the presence of air. In this case NaOH Promotes cellulose  oxidation by atmospheric oxygen resulting in the formation of oxycellulose. The boiling of cotton with 1% Solution of caustic soda causes weight loss of cotton due to the removal of non-cellulosic substance from the fibre.                                 III.             Effect of Organic Solvent: Some solvents are fully dissolved cotton completely . It has high resistance to normal solvents but disperse by the copper complexes cuprammonium  hydroxide and cupriethylene diamine and concentrated 70% H2SO4.                              IV.             Effect of Oxidizing Agent:  C

Chemical composition of cotton: Cotton fibers are composed  mostly  Alpha cellulose. The non cellulosics are located either on the outer layers(Cuticle and Primary cell wall) or inside the lumens of the fibers whereas the secondary cell wall is purely cellulose. The specific  chemical compositions  of the cotton fibers vary by their varieties,growing  conditions(soil ,water,temperature,pest etc) and maturity. Due to this reason we can express the average value of different component of cotton. Constituents Percent Cellulose 94.0 Protein 1.3 Pectin Substance 1.2 Ash 1.2 Fat and Wax 0.6 Organic acid ,sugar and others 1.7     Of the non cellulosic components in the cotton fibres , the wax and pectins are mostly resposible for the hydrophobicity or low water wettability of the cotton fibers. Properties of cotton fibers: Cotton , a unique cellulosic fibers, Possesses an outstanding

Classification of cotton on the basis of length: Commercial cotton may be classified broadly into following  three classes with reference of the staole length : 1)       Short staple: ·          Length : 3/8“ inch to1“ inch ·          coarse and low grade fibers which have often low strength and have  little or no lustre ·          Diameter:13-22 micron ·          Example: Indian and Asiatic cotton 2)       Medium staple : ·          Length:0.5-1.25 “ inch ·          Medium strength,medium lustre ·          Diameter:12-17 micron ·          Example: American cotton 3)       Long staple: ·          Length:1 -2.5” inch ·          Fine, lustrous and top quality  cotton ·          Diameter: 10-12 micron ·          Example: Sea  Island cotton, Egyptian cotton, American  Pima World cotton production Country Name 2016/17 September 2016/17 October India 26.5 26.5 China 21.0

Cotton History of cotton Cotton is the oldest and most important  textile fiber in the  world. Historians can hardly trace cotton is its true origin.  The best we know is that the English word “cotton ”  is derived from the Arabic word Katan (qutn,kuteen) .Each cotton fiber is a unicellular hair collected from the seed of the cotton plant. Cotton plant belongs to the order Malvales , the family Malvaceae , the tribe Gossypieae, and the genus Gossypium. It grows in sub-tropical climates . Most of the cotton is cultivated in Asia ,Africa, American,Egypt,Indian and other places. Nearly 90% of the cotton fibres are cellulose.The cellulose of cotton fibres is also of the highest molecular weight among all plants fibres and highest structural order ,e g, highly crystalline, oriented  and fibrillar. Cotton is by far the backbone of world’s Textile Trade. Cotton is grown in more than 80 countries worldwide. Its current market share is about more than 50% for all fibres used for the

Needle : The primary elements of knitting which is hooked metal part used for loop forming is called Needle. Latch needle Bearded needle Com pound needle Sinker: The sinker is the second knitting element . It is a than metal plate with an individual action approximately at right angle from the hook , it may perform one or more of the following function depend upon machine knitting. Loop formation Holding down Knocking over Cam: Cam is the device which is converts the multiple direction meshing drive into a suitable reciprocating action for the needles and other elements. Course: The series of loops those are connected horizontally , continuously  are called course. Or A row of loops across the width of a flat fabric or around  the circumference of a circular fabric is called course. Wale : The series of loop those are intermeshed vertically are known as wale. Or A column loops aNeedle loop: long the length of a fabric is called wale. Back loop:

Winding: The process of transferring yarn from ring bobbin hank into a suitable  package   is called winding. Objects of winding:   ·          To clear yarn to increase  the yarn  quality. ·          To remove yarn faults like  hairiness naps slobs knots and foreign  matter  . Warping: Warping is the parallel winding of yarn from cone or chees package on to a warp beam. Knitting :The process in which fabrics are produced by set of connected  loops from a series of yarn in weft or warp  direction is called knitting. It is two types like 1.        Weft knitting 2.        Warp knitting Sizing Sizing is a gelatinous  film forming substance in solution or dispersion form, applied normally to warp yarns. It can sometimes be applied to weft yarns .Sizing is  the process of applying the size material on yarn. Objects of sizing: ·          To protect the  yarn from abrasion ·          To improve the breaking strength of the yarn ·          To increase smoothn

Fabrics are identified by both fiber Weave or Knit Example: Taffeta can be made from both silk and polyester . A taffeta fabric would need to be identified as polyester taffeta or silk. Difference between Woven &Knit fabric Woven fabric Knit fabric At least two set of yarn is used in weaving. One set of yarn is used in knitting. Sizing is required . Sizing is not require. Production capacity is low. Production capacity is high. Production fabric is less elastic. Production fabric is more elastic. Production fabric is less soft. Production fabric more high. Woven &Knit fabric properties Woven fabric Knit fabric Stable Unstable Rigid Flexibility Harsh Feel Soft feel Less shrinkage Highly shrinkage Less adaptability Highly  adaptability

Fabric Manufacturing   Fabric: Manufactured assembly  of fibers and or yarn having substantial  surface  area in relation to its thickness and sufficient cohesion to give  the assembly useful mechanical strength or A cloth made by weaving, knitting, or felting fibers. Making Fabric Two common  methods: Weaving –creates woven fabric Knitting –created by looping yarns together Nonwoven Weaving Two sets of yarns are used Lengthwise or warp yarns are strongest -Go up and down the body in clothing Crosswise or filling yarns are weaker -Have more stretch,so go  across the body in clothing   Three Basic Weaves plain weave Twill weave Stain weave Plain over One over, one under Strong, Durable easy to sew Fabric names: -Gingham -Chambery -Poplin -Percale -Muslim  Twill weave A yarn passes or floats over one or more yarns in the same direction Very durable , resists Wrinkles and hides soil Fabric names: -G

Stitch: Ø   One units of conformation resulting from one or more strands or loop of thread intra –looping,Inter-looping or passing into or through the fabric or material.       Inter looping: Loop of one thread passes through the loop of another thread.       Intra looping: Loop of one thread passes through the loop of same thread.       Inter Lacing: One thread passes over another thread. Seam A seam is defined as a line over which two or more fabrics are superimposed over each other . A seam may also contain the row or rows of stitching threads used to superimpose the fabrics. Seam & Stitches Properties v   Strength v   Extensibility v   Durability v   Security v   Appearance v   Balance Classification of Seam ü   Superimposed seam ü   Lap seam ü   Bound seam ü   Flat seam ü   Edge finishing Section of a Garment Industry ·          Store section ·          Sample section ·          Cutting section ·          Sewing section ·